However, even with these obstacles, oil and gas remain an important part of the energy mix, especially in developing regions. Amidst a global energy transition, the demand, financial, and social future of oil and gas companies is increasingly in question. It does not store any personal data.Climate Change & Climate Action Energy & Environment Executive summaryĪs the third decade of 21st century begins, the oil and gas industry faces opposition from a public greatly concerned with the environmental impact of fossil fuels, ever-more skeptical shareholders, and challenges from policy makers seeking to simultaneously meet decarbonization goals and expected oil and gas demand. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Here, we review the diversity of experimentally verified and hypothetical mechanisms of genome integration employed by ssDNA viruses, and consider the evolutionary implications of these processes, particularly in the emergence of novel virus groups. Certain bacterial and eukaryotic ssDNA viruses have embraced a transposon-like means of propagation, with occasionally dramatic effects on host genome evolution. By contrast, eukaryotic viruses for integration rely on the endonuclease activity of their rolling-circle replication-initiation proteins, mimicking the mechanisms used by some bacterial transposons. Some of these phages encode integrases of serine or tyrosine recombinase superfamilies, while others utilize DDE transposases of the IS3, IS30, or IS110/IS492 families, whereas some inoviruses, and possibly certain members of the Microviridae, hijack the host XerCD recombination machinery. Filamentous bacteriophages (Inoviridae) use at least three major mechanisms of integration.
ssDNA viruses have evolved diverse mechanisms to invade cellular genomes, and these principally vary between viruses infecting bacteria/archaea and eukaryotes. Sequences originating from viruses of the families Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, and Geminiviridae are particularly widespread in the genomes of eukaryotes, where they are often fossilized as endogenous viral elements. Recently, it has been discovered that ssDNA virus genomes are also prevalent in the chromosomes of their bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic hosts. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses are widespread in the environment and include economically, medically, and ecologically important pathogens. Deputy Director of National Reference CenterĪnn.